Independent research and analysis
To advance fairer, faster, and more transparent payment dispute resolution.
Reference Library
Sources and references.
Sources cited across PDI research, plus curated standalone references. All entries link directly to the original document.
Agentic Commerce
- Agentic commerce | Stripe Documentation
Cited in: Liability in Agentic Commerce: Who Pays When the Agent Gets It Wrong?
- GitHub - Universal-Commerce-Protocol/ucp: Specification and documentation for the Universal Commerce Protocol (UCP) · GitHub
Cited in: Liability in Agentic Commerce: Who Pays When the Agent Gets It Wrong?
- Mastercard Agentic Commerce trials - Jan 2026
Cited in: Liability in Agentic Commerce: Who Pays When the Agent Gets It Wrong?
- PYMNTS | The Issuer Risk Playbook: Building Trust, Fueling Growth
Cost of chargebacks
- Every Dollar Lost to Fraud in Australia Costs Firms AUD$3.68 According to LexisNexis True Cost of Fraud Study
The quoted $2.96 for retailers match our investigations and interviews with merchants across several industries. We cannot however confirm the accuracy of the $4.21 quoted for financial institution as definitions are unclear. We reached out to the publisher to confirm and will update this note once confirmed.
Fraud
Friendly Fraud
- Chargeback Spectrum: 86 percent of chargebacks are friendly fraud?
Cited in: Why Consumers Choose Chargebacks Over Refunds — And What Merchants Can Do About It
- Five fraud trends for financial institutions - Visa
Cited in: Why Consumers Choose Chargebacks Over Refunds — And What Merchants Can Do About It
Governance
- AFCA published determinations
Search for issue type "chargebacks - declined (consumer)" and "chargebacks - delayed"
Cited in: Consumers Can Complain to AFCA About Chargebacks. Merchants Can't. Should They Be Able To?
- Repair, replace, refund, cancel | ACCC
Mandatory consumer guarantees for Australian merchants (can't be overturned with T&Cs)
Overseas research
- 2026 Global eCommerce Payments
- Chargebacks: The Case for Coordination - Javelin
US focussed study with some globally applying themes
Cited in: Why Consumers Choose Chargebacks Over Refunds — And What Merchants Can Do About It
- Mastercard State of Chargebacks report 2025
Some of this data is heavily US-specific and there is some data quoted for Australia that does not match feedback we received from local banks and merchants, i.e. Issuer processing costs are significantly higher in Australia likely due to higher level of investigations by Australian banks; share of fraud/unauthorised transactions in Australia is ~90% and not as stipulated in the report. Further inconsistencies in friendly fraud - Visa and Chargeback911 report significantly higher number. Definitions applied are not evident.
Scams
- National Anti-Scam Centre - Targeting Scams Report - March 2026
Cited in: Chargebacks Are in Scope of the Scam Prevention Framework — at least for now
- Scams Prevention Framework Act 2025, No.15, 2025
An Act to provide a framework for preventing and responding to scams, and for related purposes
- Treasury: Scams Prevention Framework codes and rules exposure draft - May 2026
Cited in: Chargebacks Are in Scope of the Scam Prevention Framework — at least for now